Education

Introduction to the Human Heart The human heart is one of the most important organ responsible for sustaining life. It is a muscular organ with four chambers. The size of the heart is the size of about a clenched fist. The human heart functions throughout a person’s lifespan and is one of the most robust and hardest working muscles in the human body. Position of Heart in Human Body :- The human heart is located between the lungs in the thoracic cavity, slightly towards the left of the sternum (breastbone). It is derived from the embryonic mesodermal germ layer. The Function of Heart :- The function of the heart in any organism is to maintain a constant flow of blood throughout the body. This replenishes oxygen and circulates nutrients among the cells and tissues. Following are the main functions of the heart: One of the primary functions of the human heart is to pump blood throughout the body. Blood delivers oxygen, hormones, glucose and other components to various parts of the body, i...

 DECOMPOSITION Decomposers break down complex organic matter into inorganic substances like carbon dioxide, water and nutrients and the process is called decomposition. Dead plant remains such as leaves, bark, flowers and dead remains of animals, including fecal matter, constitute detritus, which is the raw material for decomposition. The important steps in the process of decomposition are : Fragmentation Leaching Catabolism Humification Mineralisation I ) Fragmentation :- Detritivores (e.g., earthworm) break down detritus into smaller particles. This process is called fragmentation. II ) Leaching :- By the process of leaching, water soluble inorganic nutrients go down into the soil horizon and get precipitated as unavailable salts. III ) Catabolism :- Bacterial and fungal enzymes degrade detritus into simpler inorganic substances. This process is called as catabolism. It is important to note that all the above steps in decomposition operate simultaneously on the detritus. Humific...

 GENETIC DISORDERS Genetic disorders are the disorders due to change in genes or chromosomes. Genetic Disorders ⬇ 1. Mendelian Disorders                                                            2. Chromosomal Disorders                     ↓                                                                                                        ↓                Haemophilia                                ...

 HUMAN GENOME PROJECT (HGP) The entire DNA in the haploid set of chromosomes of an oraganism is called a Genome . In Human Genome, DNA is packed in 23 chromosomes. Human genome contains about 3×10⁹ bp (base pairs).  Human Genome Project (1990-2003) was the first mega project for the sequencing of nucleotides and mapping of all the genes in human genome. HGP was coordinated by U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institute of Health . Goals of HGP :- Identify all the estimated genes in human DNA. Sequencing of 3 billion chemical Base pairs of human DNA. Store this information in databases . Improve tools for data analysis . Transfer related technologies to other sectors. Address the  ethical, legal and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from the project. METHODOLOGIES :- It involves 2 major approaches. 1. Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) = Focused on identifying all the genes that are expressed as RNA. 2.Sequence annotation = Sequencing whole set of genome c...

✧ GREEN REVOLUTION ✧ The Green Revolution , or the Third Agricultural Revolution , was a period of technology transfer initiatives that saw greatly increased crop yields. These changes in agriculture began in developed countries in the early 20th century and spread globally until the late 1980s. In the late 1960s, farmers began incorporating new technologies such as high-yielding varieties of cereals, particularly dwarf wheat and rice, and the widespread use of chemical fertilizers (to produce their high yields, the new seeds require far more fertilizer than traditional varieties), pesticides, and controlled irrigation. At the same time, newer methods of cultivation, including mechanization, were adopted, often as a package of practices to replace traditional agricultural technology. This was often in conjunction with loans conditional on policy changes being made by the developing nations adopting them, such as privatizing fertilizer manufacture and distribution. Both the Ford Foundat...

❉    HUMAN BRAIN ❉ The human brain is the central organ of the nervous system, and with the spinal cord, comprises the central nervous system. It consists of the cerebrum, the brainstem and the cerebellum. The brain controls most of the activities of the body, processing, integrating, and co-ordinating the information it receives from the sensory nervous system. The brain integrates the instructions sent to the rest of the body. CEREBRUM The cerebrum, the largest part of the human brain, consists of two cerebral hemispheres. Each hemisphere has an inner core composed of white matter, and an outer surface – the cerebral cortex – composed of grey matter.  The cortex has an outer layer, the neocortex, and an inner allocortex.  The neocortex is made up of six neuronal layers, while the allocortex has three or four.  Each hemisphere is divided into four lobes – the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes.  The frontal lobe is associated with executive ...

  DNA Fingerprinting       DNA profiling (also called DNA fingerprinting and genetic fingerprinting) is the process of determining an individual's deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) characteristics. DNA analysis intended to identify a species, rather than an individual, is called DNA barcoding.           DNA profiling is a forensic technique in criminal investigations, comparing criminal suspects' profiles to DNA evidence so as to assess the likelihood of their involvement in the crime. It is also used in paternity testing, to establish immigration eligibility, and in genealogical and medical research. DNA profiling has also been used in the study of animal and plant populations in the fields of zoology, botany, and agriculture.           British geneticist Sir Alec Jeffreys independently developed a process for DNA profiling in 1984 while working in the Department of Genetics at the University of Leicester. Jeffreys di...