Education

 Why aravalli hills in news ? : 1. Supreme Court Ruling on Aravalli Definition … The Supreme Court of India recently accepted a new legal definition of the Aravalli Hills based on a Central government proposal. Under this definition, only landforms that rise 100 metres above the surrounding terrain will legally count as part of the Aravalli range. Experts and activists say this excludes 90 % of the hill range because much of it consists of lower ridges and hillocks.  2. Impact on Environmental Protection Since legal protections under forest and environmental laws depend on this definition :  • Vast areas once considered part of the Aravalli ecosystem may now lose protection, allowing mining, construction, and development.  • The lower hills — which help recharge groundwater, block desert winds, and sustain biodiversity — could be degraded or destroyed.   3. Alarm Over Mining and Degradation Separately, reports and surveys show ongoing illegal mining and eco...

 Challenges facing women in India: A multifaceted reality ▶▶ Despite significant progress towards gender equality, women in India continue to face a complex web of challenges that hinder their empowerment and limit their participation in society. Here is an analysis of some of the key issues: 1. Education and Literacy: Gender Gap: Although overall/average literacy rates have improved in recent years, there is a significant gap between men and women. This disparity is particularly high in rural areas. Socio-economic Barriers: Poverty, child marriage, and social norms continue to prevent girls from attending school, limiting their educational opportunities, and perpetuating the cycle of disadvantage. Safety Concerns: Fear of harassment or violence on the way to school, especially in remote areas, discourages girls from pursuing education. Also, attacks on women due to one-sided love are a matter of concern. 2. Health and Nutrition: High Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR): Limited acce...

WOMEN According to the 2011 census, women constitute about 48.5% of the total Indian population. Ideally, they should have an equal share in education, health, employment, politics, etc. On the contrary, countless women in India constantly face various difficulties and hence the government tries to create and implement various development measures for them. Status of Women in India: 1) Literacy:                            According to the 2011 census, the overall literacy rate in the country was 74.04 percent, 82.14% for males and 65.46% for females. 2) Sex Ratio:                           The sex ratio in the country has always been unfavorable for women. In 2011 (2011 Census), this number was 943 per thousand men. 3) Child Sex Ratio:                       ...

GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM The Godavari River System is one of the major river systems in India. It originates in the central part of the country and flows eastward into the Bay of Bengal. Its significance lies in its extensive basin, which supports agriculture, industry, and millions of people across multiple states.  Godavari River System The Godavari River system is one of the significant river basins within the Peninsular drainage system of India. The Godavari River and its numerous tributaries flow through the central and southeastern parts of the Indian subcontinent, shaping fertile plains and supporting diverse ecosystems. With a total length of about 1,465 kilometres, the Godavari is the second-longest river in India. The Godavari River is the largest river in Peninsular India. It is known as the Dakshin Ganga or Vridha Ganga (old Ganga) because of its age, size, and length. It is navigable in the delta region. Origin of Godavari River The Godavari River originates from Trimbak,...

Digestive System  The digestive system is the collective name used to describe the alimentary canal, some accessory          organs and a variety of digestive processes.  • The complex of digestive processes gradually breaks down the foods eaten until they are in a form suitable for absorption.  • After absorption, nutrients are used to synthesise body constituents. They provide the raw materials for the manufacture of new cells, hormones and enzymes, and the energy needed for these and other processes and for the disposal of waste materials.   The activities in the digestive system can be grouped under five main headings.  • Ingestion = This is the process of taking food into the alimentary tract.  • Propulsion = This moves the contents along the alimentary tract.  • Digestion = This consists of:  ➢ mechanical  breakdown of food e.g. mastication (chewing)  ➢ chemical digestion of food by enzymes present ...

 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Respiration Respiration can be defined as exchange of gases i.e. oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and tissues.  ✦ Organs of respiratory system Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Brochi - 2 Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs - 2 Muscles of respiration : Intercoastal muscles and Diaphragm ✦ Mechanism of respiration :- The normal human has 12-15 breath per min. Each breath consists of inspiration, expiration and pause. 1) Inspiration : The simultaneous contraction of intercoastal muscles and diaphragm increases the capacity of thoracic cavity. This reduces the pressure in the lungs. To equalize the pressure the air from atmosphere enters the lungs. The process of inspiration is active as it needs energy for muscle contraction. The inspiration lasts for 2 sec. 2) Expiration : Relaxation of intercostal muscles and diaphragm results in decrease in the space in the lungs. As a result, the pressure inside the lungs increases as compared to atmospheric pressure. Th...