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WOMEN

WOMEN



According to the 2011 census, women constitute about 48.5% of the total Indian population. Ideally, they should have an equal share in education, health, employment, politics, etc. On the contrary, countless women in India constantly face various difficulties and hence the government tries to create and implement various development measures for them.


Status of Women in India:

1) Literacy: 
                    According to the 2011 census, the overall literacy rate in the country was 74.04 percent, 82.14% for males and 65.46% for females.


2) Sex Ratio: 
                    The sex ratio in the country has always been unfavorable for women. In 2011 (2011 Census), this number was 943 per thousand men.


3) Child Sex Ratio: 
                    According to the National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-21), the child sex ratio at birth has been 929 female children (girls) per 1,000 male children (boys) in the last five years.


4) Female Labor Participation Rate: 
                    According to the latest Annual Labor Force Survey (PLFS) report, the workforce participation of women above the age of fifteen years was 30% in 2019-20, and 32.5% in 2020-21 and 32.8% in 2021-22 (PIB).


5) Gender Gap: 
                    India was ranked 127th out of 146 countries according to the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Index - 2023.


6) Sexual Harassment: 
                    35% of women in corporate sector jobs face sexual harassment (according to the Sexual Harassment of Women at Work Report).


7) Maternal mortality rate: 
                    India's maternal mortality rate (per one lakh mothers) has declined from 130 between 2014 and 2016, to 103 between 2017 and 2019, to 97 between 2018 and 2020. (As per government report).


8) Health: 
                    More than 50 percent of women in most states are anaemic (National Family Health Survey Report-5, 2019-20)


9) Domestic Violence: 
                    One in three (34%) married women (age 15-49) have experienced physical, sexual or emotional violence from their husbands or partners (National Crime Records Bureau - NCRB).


10) SDG (Sustainable Development Goal) Target 3.1: 
                    Reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030.


11) SDG 5: 
                    'Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls'



Constitutional provisions regarding women:



clauses


Meaning

Article 15(1)

The state body can make any special provision for women and children.

Article 23

Prohibition of human trafficking and forced labor

Article 39(a)

The State shall ensure that men and women have the right, equally, to adequate means of livelihood.

Article 39(d)

Equal pay for equal work for both men and women.

Article 42

The State shall make various provisions for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity leave.

Article 51(A)(e)

Abandoning practices that violate the dignity of women.

Article 243D

There will be no less than one-third reservation for women in Panchayats at all levels. 20 states have amended their respective State Panchayati Raj Acts (PRIs) to provide for 50% reservation for women.

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