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  PHARMACEUTICAL AIDS The substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are essentially used in manufacturing or compounding of various pharmaceuticals are known as Pharmaceutical Aids or Pharmaceutical Necessities. Classification of Pharmaceutical Aids :- Acidifiers and Alkalisers Buffers Antioxidants Hydrocolloids Surfactants Perservatives Filter Aid Coloring Agents Flavoring Agents Sweetening Agents Disintegrating Agents Lubricants ACIDIFIERS AND ALKALISERS Acidifiers :- Acidifiers are inorganic chemicals that, put into a human (or other mammalian) body, either produce or  become acid. These chemicals increase the level of gastric acid in the stomach when ingested, thus decreasing the stomach pH.  Out of many types of acidifiers, the main four are: Gastric acidifiers , these are the drugs which are used to restore temporarily the acidity of stomach in patient suffering from hypochlorhydria. Urinary acidifiers , used to control pH in urine. Systemic acidif...

 STRUCTURE OF FLOWER   ✿ FLORAL WHORLS                         There are main two types of Floral whorls Accessory Floral Whorls Essential Floral Whorls Accessory Floral Whorls :-                There are two types of Accessory Floral Whorls Calyx = In calyx there are sepals. Corolla = In corolla there are petals. Essential Floral Whorls :-                There are two types of Essential Floral Whorls. Androecium =In androecium there are many stamens which consist three parts namely, anther, filament and connective Gynoecium = In gynoecium there are one carpel/pistil which consist three parts namely, stigma, style and ovary. CALYX Sepals                          The sepals are small modified leaves located around the base of a flower. Sepals su...

 ATMOSPHERE An envelope of gases surrounding the planet/any celestial body is called as atmophere. LAYERS OF ATMOPHERE = there are 5 layers of atmosphere. Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere TROPOSPHERE :-  Tropos = Vertical movement of air/mixing of air. This is only layer of atmosphere where we find vertical movement of air. This layer have 100% moisture in air. The temperature decrease in the troposphere is called the Environment Lapse Rate. Thickness of Troposphere : 16 Km on tropic/equitor region 9 Km on poles aThe thickness of troposhpere is more at equitor than the pole region.  At the equitor region the solar radiations heats directly the surface. The air present at that region gets warm and moves upward direction. At the pole region the solar radiation heats slintly the surface. The air present at that region does not gets as warm as the air present at the equitor region. The air present at poles is cold therefore the air does not move as ...

  FLUID MOSAIC MODEL The fluid mosaic model explains various characteristics regarding the structure of functional cell membranes.   According to this biological model, there is a lipid bilayer (two molecules thick layer consisting primarily of amphipathic phospholipids) in which protein molecules are embedded.  The phospholipid bilayer gives fluidity and elasticity to the membrane. Small amounts of carbohydrates are also found in the cell membrane.  The biological model, which was devised by Seymour Jonathan Singer and Garth L. Nicolson in 1972, describes the cell membrane as a two-dimensional liquid where embedded proteins are generally randomly distributed. For example, it is stated that "A prediction of the fluid mosaic model is that the two-dimensional long-range distribution of any integral protein in the plane of the membrane is essentially random." Fluid mosaic model of a cell membrane Chemical makeup Components Location Functions ...

 HUMAN DATA Weight of Liver   1.2 - 1.5 kg Weight of Kidney    120 – 170 gm No of Liver lobes     2 lobes No of Salivary glands   6 (3 pairs) No of Portion in Stomach   4 (cardiac portion, fundus portion, body portion, pyloric portion) Stomach store food for  4 – 5 hrs pH of Saliva 6.8 pH of gastric juice 1.8 pH in deudenum 7.8 pH of urine 6.0 Breathing rate 12 to 16 times per minute Tidal volume 500 ml Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) 2500 to 3000 ml Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) 1000 to 1100 ml Residual Volume 1100 to 1200 ml Water in blood plasma ...

  The Hottest And Coldest Planets Of Our Solar System The planets in our solar system are all unique in their way. In terms of temperature, no two planets have the same one since it is the result of various processes. Generally, a planet’s temperature is determined by two primary factors: its distance from the Sun and its atmosphere's composition. What are the hottest and coldest planets in the solar system? The Inner Planets The Inner Planets of Our Solar System: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars As one might expect, the planets closest to the Sun are the warmest. The four inner planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, are warmer than the outer gas giants. However, the temperature of the planets does not follow a linear path from the Sun. Despite being the closest planet to the Sun at a distance of 36-million miles (58-million kilometres), Mercury is not the hottest planet in the solar system. Mercury may be the closest planet to the Sun, but it does not have a significant atmosph...

                          ✲  Vedic Period of India✲                                                 Indo-Aryan tribes moved into the Punjab from Central Asia in several waves of migration. The Vedic period is when the Vedas were composed of liturgical hymns from the Indo-Aryan people. The Vedic culture was located in part of north-west India, while other parts of India had a distinct cultural identity. Many regions of the Indian subcontinent transitioned from the Chalcolithic to the Iron Age in this period.                          The Vedic culture is described in the texts of Vedas, still sacred to Hindus, which were orally composed and transmitted in Vedic Sanskrit. The Vedas are some...

                                          ✫ ANCIENT HISTORY OF INDIA ✫                     Anatomically modern humans first arrived on the Indian subcontinent between 73,000 and 55,000 years ago. The earliest known human remains in South Asia date to 30,000 years ago. Sedentariness began in South Asia around 7000 BCE; by 4500 BCE, settled life had spread, and gradually evolved into the Indus Valley Civilisation, one of three early cradles of civilisation in the Old World, flourished between 2500 BCE and 1900 BCE in present-day Pakistan and north-western India. Early in the second millennium BCE, persistent drought caused the population of the Indus Valley to scatter from large urban centres to villages. Indo-Aryan tribes moved into the Punjab from Central Asia in several waves of migration. The Vedic Peri...